Rehabilitation Paper - 1578 Words

Throughout the years, many processes have been created to form the rehabilitation process of criminal justice. This process has reached out to many offenders and their families by allowing them to return to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation has many different process, but most, if not all have been proven successful in returning offenders to the community as changed individuals. Rehabilitation is defined as a return to a previous form. In criminal justice, rehabilitation is referred as a designed attempt to change attitudes and behaviors of inmates, concentrating on the prevention of an inmates future criminal behaviors (Seiter, 2011). Since the creation of prisons, the focus on prisons in the United States was based†¦show more content†¦A crucial part of the criminal justice system includes probation. Probation is the release of a criminal offender from detention or incarceration. At this time, the offender is subject to a period of good behavior under supervision. Probation is also referred to a kind of punishment that is giving as part of sentencing. Instead of giving an offender a longer sentence, a judge will order the defendant to report to their assigned probation officer on a regular basis, where the offender will receive a schedule instructing him or her of their probation requirements. If the defendant does not obey a probation order, the defendant will automatically return to jail or to court, only to be given a longer sentence by the judge. A person on probation is not allowed to leave the judicial district without permission of the probation officer or court (Seiter, 2011). The probationer shall report to the probation officer as directed and shall submit truthful and complete reports (Seiter, 2011). A person on probation must also follow all directions instructed by his or her probation officer truthfully. When on probation, an offender must obtain employment and needs to notify his or her probation officer of all changes of address within a three-day limit. The probationer shall also refrain from the excessive use of alcoholShow MoreRelatedRehabilitation Paper1187 Words   |  5 Pagesdrive to want to better them. This paper will break down rehabilitation in prison and the origin of where it came from. Also we will discuss how parole differs from mandatory release and how probation differs from other forms of sentencing. We will also discuss community corrections and what it means and furthermore, we will critique the current rehabilitation options and if there are better options or solutions that may be used in today’s prison system. Rehabilitation means to restore to useful lifeRead MoreReflection Paper On Health And Rehabilitation1071 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Journal On Wednesday, September 23rd, 2015 I continued my preceptorship at Henderson Health and Rehabilitation. My preceptor was Mary Beth Rowland, and she ended up being about forty minutes late this morning. When she got there, she apologized and said she had to get some milk for her children to send with the babysitter. I understand that things come up, but it would have been nice if I was notified or if she told me to just come in at nine instead of eight. That was definitely myRead MoreThe Theory Of Rehabilitating Fender Shifted Into Focus More1212 Words   |  5 Pages As the range of fields that study crime grew, the theory of rehabilitating the offender shifted into focus more prevalently. The aim of the theory of rehabilitation is to reform the offender, that is to say, rid them of their criminal ways. Cohen sees this task to be outside the capabilities of the justice system. The myriad of components that lead an individual to crime whether they are economic, psychological or otherwise, is too complex for the justice system to be able to grok fully. CohenRead MoreThe Repeat Offenders Project2956 Words   |  12 Pagessimilarities that may exist between the concepts presented in this project with those implemented in other nations, these are presented in a manner that gives them some uniqueness since the approach in their implementation is one of its own kind. This paper serves to compile all the concepts which have been presented so far under this project, citing the background, the problem, the purpose and significance of the problem, the plan of action in implementing the solution to recidivism, the benefits associatedRead MoreGroup Counseling1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthat Effect Vocational Rehabilitation Term Paper By Diadra McGraw 546 Group Counseling Dr. B. Canfield February 26, 2008 Abstract This paper explores the different ways in which group counseling can be used for the purpose of Vocational Rehabilitation. It also gives detailed information of how technology can be used in group counseling during Vocational Rehabilitation. The technique of group counseling especially in the area of Vocational Rehabilitation can bring up a number ofRead MoreThe Decision Making Of The Ethical Behavior Model Essay1740 Words   |  7 PagesThe purpose of this study, was to create a position paper exploring and creating an ethical dilemma and similarly, to explore and present a decision making model used to work through the dilemma. The study found ways that can assist forensic counselors with this common issue that has prompted numerous legalities filed against them by their evaluees such as, identifying stakeholders and interpreting the situation through awareness and fact finding. Tarvydas’s integrative decision-making of the ethicalRead More Using Alcoholics Anonymous vs. Abusing Alcoholics Anonymous Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesUsing AA vs. Abusing AA This paper will try to explain the different views of how and why Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs are accepted and rejected as effective tools in treating alcoholism and other addictions. The articles reviewed contradict the others’ opinion. First, we see that supporting the 12-step programs with a degree of involvement both the doctor and patient will see better results in treating the addiction. The second view will show that 12-step programs can be usedRead MoreJuvenile Offenders With Substance Abuse Problems1840 Words   |  8 PagesThis paper will discuss some of the treatment options available for juvenile offenders with substance abuse problems. The paper will contain explanations of the available programs, how they work, who is eligible for them, and other factors. After discussing how the programs work this paper will then take a look at which programs seem to be working and lessening recidivism and which ones may not be as effective. In the past several years researchers have found intervention strategies and programRead MoreTrainspotting : A Representation Of Drugs Essay1951 Words   |  8 Pagesabuse and dependency influences the lives of a group of misfits in Edinburgh, Scotland. We are introduced to problems such as: the unfair drug court system, persistent drug sellers, death of loved ones, withdrawal symptoms and more. Throughout this paper, we will explore the different elements this film presented and how they relate to the reality of substance abuse. Heroin as A Choice One of the aspects that I found to be the most interesting was Mark Renton’s (played by Ewan McGregor) initial mentalityRead MoreSection 504 Of The Rehabilitation Act Of 19732521 Words   |  11 PagesWhat is Section 504? Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 is a civil rights statute which prohibits an otherwise qualified individual with a disability from being discriminated against, excluded from participation in or denied the benefits of any program or activity that receives federal financial assistance. Section 504 is enforced by the U.S. Department of Education, Office of Civil Rights (OCR), and the Massachusetts Bureau of Special Education Appeals (BSEA). Students who are eligible

Undocumented Workers Are Important Too - 1450 Words

Often too much we assume that undocumented workers are taking more and more jobs of American citizens, but that is not the case. Undocumented workers come from other countries to live and have a better living of life for not only them but for their families as well. They often work doing jobs that pay very little for an extreme amount of hard labor from dusk till dawn. If it’s not being a custodian, which the women do, then its men working doing construction. Undocumented workers deserve the right to get paid an equal amount as a citizen does working full-time and overtime, receive compensation benefits for injuries, and the right to be free from discrimination if they aren’t going to lead them to a path towards citizenship.†¦show more content†¦According to an article, it states â€Å"Employers argued that the IRCA and the Supreme Courts decision in Hoffman makes it illegal for an undocumented alien to obtain employment benefits in the United States. (31) How ever, people who qualify as employees based on the statutory definition drafted by the respective state legislature are eligible for workers compensation benefits, and illegal immigrants can be designated as employees and thus be eligible for benefits† (Fisenberg and Presmanes.) If you are working in the U.S. undocumented or not you deserve the rights to receive benefits from your job because they are responsible not you. â€Å"In July 2003, a court granted $948,405 from the Employees Compensation Assistance Fund to the widow of an illegal worker who was killed while demolishing a wall at a Shekkipmei construction site in April 2002† (Jim. T Query, Ph.D.) Many people think that the solution to the problem of giving undocumented workers benefits, is to just not hire them that way they aren’t responsible and won’t have to pay for their injuries, but in reality that is never going to happen. As much as people want to get rid of illegal immigrants and think th at not giving them employment will solve everything they are sadly mistaken because as each day comes and goes more and more undocumented workers are coming to the U.S. Mexican workers are always at high risk for injuries and death and in order to solve this problem is rather simple, theyShow MoreRelatedThe American Immigration System is Broken Essay923 Words   |  4 Pagesreform is enjoying an increasingly high voice among people. American immigration system is broken. Too many employers take advantage of the system by hiring undocumented workers which currently are estimated at 11 million. This is not good for the economy nor the country. Imaging a day without these undocumented workers in United States. No bus driver, farm worker, cooker, nurse, construction worker, waiter, house keeper, gardener or nanny can be found. Nobody drive bus, pick fruit, wash dishes, buildRead MoreThe Immigration Became Illegal By Aviva Chomsky1510 Words   |  7 PagesAmericans may often forget th at immigrants are human beings too. A lot of them may not see all the risks that comes with trying to cross the border along with all the issues and problems immigrants face. In Aviva Chomsky’s â€Å"How immigration became illegal† she tries to get Americans to understand what it might feel like trying to come to America and really shows it from an immigrant perspective. Chomsky really talks about all the issues and problems immigrants face trying to come to America and theRead MoreImmigration Reform : A Very Touchy Subject858 Words   |  4 PagesStates is estimated to have 11 million undocumented immigrants in the United States. According to Berman by â€Å"[r]emoving all 11.2 million undocumented immigrants, both forcibly and through Mitt Romney s infamous self-deportation policy, would take about 20 years and cost the government between $400 billion and $600 billion† (Berman, 2015, para. 3). The 11 million undocumented immigrants is estimate and not a hard number. I believe there is a lot more undocumented immigrants that would raise estimatedRead MoreA Major Public Issue That Currently Affects Us Is Immigration1452 Words   |  6 Pagesthe government, it has always been a problem. Deportation is an issue that does not only affect the immigrant; their family, the community, and even the economy is affected too. When evaluating what immi grants provide and contribute both in the national and state level, one will realize that banning or deporting the undocumented is not the best solution. The purpose of this topic is to help reveal what positive outcomes can come from not banning or deporting immigrants and how public awareness canRead MoreThe Ethnography Labor And Legality1233 Words   |  5 Pagesof ten different undocumented immigrant men living and working in the Chicago area. These men have been called the Lions by the author because they all originate from the same city in Mexico called Le?n. These men differ meaningfully in their beliefs, experiences, and plans for the future, but they also have important things in common. They are friends, and in some cases brothers and cousins, who share the reputation of being ?illegal aliens? and the dignity of being hard workers and family men. TheirRead MoreCitizenship And The Right For Public Education For Undocumented Immigrants Essay1580 Words   |  7 PagesAs an immigrant to the United States from El Salvador, I was really inclined to attend Robert Koulish’s talk titled â€Å"Citizenship and the Right to Public Education for Undocumented Immigrants.† I came to the US when I was six years old in 2000, it has been 16 years since I have been here. I remember very little from my birth country and most of my memories have been made in the United States. The community that raised and helped to sculpt my values is not in El Salvador, rather it is in Maryland,Read MoreThe State Of Arizona Is A Gripping Documentary1635 Words   |  7 Pageslaw through the voices and lives of individuals who were on both sides of the coin. The flawed immigration system in the United States caused a ripple effect that hit Arizona hard and led to the tripling of the undocumented population in Arizona. This caused hatred towards the undocumented population due to fears of crime related to Mexican drug rings and competition for jobs. The federal government did not act on these immigration issues and this forced the state of Arizona to pass a series of legislaturesRead MoreNegative Effects Of Immigration In America1651 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican adults is lowered due to undocumented workers is because employers can pay an illegal immigrant less, making it difficult for Americans to receive higher pay, when the employer can pay less for an illegal immigrant. Illegal immigrants are receiving close to $25,000 from the government, but paying the government close to $11,000 in taxes. This causes an estimated household deficit of $14,500 and this adds up, per household, to $54.5 billion (Hunt). Undocumented workers are taking jobs from AmericansRead MoreBenefits Of Immigration Reform During The United States Essay1651 Words   |  7 Pages46 percent of the entire immigrant population in the United States in 2012, making them the most impacted demographic of this reforms outcome. Young Latinos continue to fight at the forefront of the b attle for immigration reform today, and it is important to reflect on the past reforms alike to understand why the current immigration reform would be beneficial to our economy, and future of our country. The current immigration reform should pass through congress because of the economical benefits itRead MoreUndocumented Immigrants Should Not Be A Citizen Of The United States1574 Words   |  7 Pagesthe granting of legal status to undocumented immigrants would be a boon for the United States’ economy. Moreover, allowing undocumented immigrants to become U.S. citizens would be equally beneficial to America. Legal status and citizenship enable undocumented immigrants to produce and earn significantly more than they do when they are on the economic sidelines. The resulting productivity and wage gains ripple through the economy because immigrants are not just workers, but they are also consumers and

Decision to fund the Atomic Bomb Essay Example For Students

Decision to fund the Atomic Bomb Essay Word Count: 1836 No man-made phenomenon of such tremendous power had ever occurred before. The lighting effects beggared description. The whole country was lighted by a searing light with the intensity many times greater than that of the midday sun. It was golden, purple, violet, gray, and blue.. .( Groueff 355). The words of Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell describe the onset of the atomic age, which began on July 16, 1945 in Alamogordo, New Mexico. This was the site of the first large-scale atomic test, which utilized the tool of destruction that would soon decimate the populations of Hiroshima and Nagasaki less than a month afterwards. This test consummated the years spent developing the bomb, and was the end result of the efforts of nuclear scientists who constructed it, and those of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, who made the decision to fund the so-called Manhattan Project. In a letter dated August 2nd, 1939, Albert Einstein first informed President Roosevelt of the research that had been done by Enrico Fermi and Leo Szilard with unstable Uranium which could generate large amounts of power and energy (Einstein1 PSF Safe Files). Einstein also included another possible use for the uranium- the construction of extremely powerful bombs, which were capable of destroying a seaport and the surrounding territory. This information may have come precisely at the right time, for in October of 1938 Roosevelt asked Congress for a $300 million military appropriation, and in November instructed the Army Air Corps to plan for an annual production of twenty thousand planes. Later, in 1939, Roosevelt called for actions against aggressor nations, and in the same year submitted to Congress a $1.3 billion defense budget (Boyer 861). In an accompanying memorandum that was sent with the Einstein letter, scientist Leo Szilard explained the technical science of nuclear fission and stressing the importance of chain reactions (Walls 1 PFS Safe Files). Both documents, the Einstein letter and the Szilard memorandum, were to be delivered by Alexander Sachs, an adviser to Roosevelts New Deal since 1933 who would know how to approach Roosevelt and the government (Lanouette 200). It was not until mid-October 1939 that Sachs wangled an invitation to get in to see the President over breakfast (Burns 250). Though Roosevelt found the documents interesting, he seemed hesitant about committing government funds to such speculative research. But after Sachs reminded him of Napoleons skepticism of Robert Fultons idea of a steamship, Roosevelt agreed to proceed. Regarding the steamship issue, Sachs went on to comment, This is an example of how England was saved by the shortsightedness of an adversary,; this insight made Roosevelt greatly consider the creation of the bomb. President Roosevelt authorized a study, but the decision to devote full energy to the production of the bomb was not made until December 6, 1941, the day before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the influence of Leo Szilard, along with that of Alexander Sachs, that swayed Roosevelts decision to fund and construct the bomb. To aid the presentation to President Roosevelt, Szilard contacted aviator Charles Lindbergh, to discuss how large quantities of energy would be liberated by a nuclear chain reaction, and also wanted to discuss how to make an attempt to inform the administration (of the project). Soon after, however, they discovered that the anti-arms Lindbergh was not one to help them in their request to the President (Lanouette 208). Szilard then went on a mission to find pure graphite for the experiment, (which would be based on Einsteins E=mc2), by exchanging dozens of letters with chemical, carbon, and metallurgical companies, and bargained with manufacturers for contracts of fresh material (Lanouette 209). During this time, Szilard was creating a decisive difference between U.S. [System Attack] Essay and German nuclear efforts. Szilard also inquired to Colonel Keith F. Adamson of the U.S. Army as to funding of the graphite and uranium needed for a large scale experiment, and Adamson estimated that it might only cost $6,000, though this sum eventually swelled to more than $2 billion dollars of funds from the U.S. government (Lanouette 211). Although Einstein later said that he really only acted as a mailbox for Leo Szilard, in popular history his famous equation E=mc2 and his letter to President Roosevelt are credited with starting the American effort to build atomic weapons (Lanouette 206). Fission was discovered in 1938 by German scientists, which led to the fear of American scientists that Hitler might attempt to develop a fission bomb. (http://yourpage.blazenet.net/aljadam/atomicmain. html). Because of German aggression throughout Europe in 1938-39, Roosevelt and the scientists thought it necessary to develop the bomb before the Germans. Fortunately for the United States bomb effort, many of the worlds top scientists, from both Europe and the U.S. pooled .

Paris Essay Example

Paris Essay A weekend trip was spent in the great city of Paris touring, eating French food and experiencing a new culture. Our first night in Paris we went out to eat at a restaurant where every student tried something new. Ranging from eating raw meat, also known as Tartare in France, to eating a rocket salad, we all enjoyed sharing and taste testing the unfamiliar supper creations. The next day we went on a walking tour. The tour guide was great and full of historical information which hearing the stories made the tour even more interesting. He took us to the Pont Neuf, which is the oldest standing bridge in Paris. Another famous bridge he brought us across was the Pont des Arts. The bridge is known for its locks of love. All across the bridge couples place a lock on the bridges fence wall to symbolize their commitment to one another. The bridge is also famous for a non-sentimental reason as well. The Pont des Arts is the bridge that the father in the 2008 movie Taken was captured jumping off of! We went and toured the Notre Dame but unfortunately could not clime to the top due to the cold rainy weather conditions outside. We will write a custom essay sample on Paris specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Paris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Paris specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer When we arrived at the Louvre our tour guide informed us it was originally the Palais du Louvre which housed the royal estate until Louis XIV felt it was not good enough and built the Palace of Versailles. The Louvre museum was enormous with many different eras and types of art to view. We had a unanimous vote, however, that seeing the â€Å"Mona Lisa† was by the far the best artwork in the place, mainly because it is such a famous piece of history. At nightfall we headed to the Eiffel Tower. All we could do was stand in awe at the beautiful architecture. The lights on the tower were on and once every hour they would put on a light twinkling show. Unfortunately because of the time we arrived they were no longer letting people go up past the second floor of the tower but the view was still indescribable. The final day before boarding the train back to Germany we went to the Palace of Versailles. This place was by far the most stunning sight in Paris. The Palace itself was very big and everything about it was remarkable. The palace had a large garden that you could easily spend hours in. The entire Paris weekend was so full of beauty and history that we have never seen anything like it and it is a place we will surely never forget.

Controlled Variable Definition

Controlled Variable Definition A controlled variable is one which the researcher holds constant (controls) during an experiment. It is also known as a constant variable or simply as a control. The control variable is not part of an experiment (not the independent or dependent variable), but it is important because it can have an effect on the results. It is not the same thing as a control group. Any given experiment has numerous control variables. Its important for a scientist to try to hold all variables constant except for the independent variable. If a control variable changes during an experiment, it may invalidate the correlation between the dependent and independent variable. When possible, control variables should be identified, measured, and recorded. Examples of Controlled Variables Temperature is a common  type of  controlled variable. If a temperature is held constant during an experiment it is controlled. Other examples of controlled variables could be the  amount of light, always using the same type of glassware, constant humidity, or duration of an experiment. Common Mis-Spelling: controlled variable Importance of the Control Variables Although control variables may not be measured (although they are often recorded), they can have a significant effect on the outcome of an experiment. Lack of awareness of control variables can lead to faulty results or what are called confounding variables. Noting control variables makes it easier to reproduce an experiment and to establish the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. For example, say you are trying to determine whether a particular fertilizer has an effect on plant growth. The independent variable is the presence or absence of the fertilizer, while the dependent variable is the height of the plant or rate of growth. If you dont control the amount of light (e.g., you perform part of the experiment in the summer and part during the winter), you may skew your results.

15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms

15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms 15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms 15 Words for Household Rooms, and Their Synonyms By Mark Nichol Here’s an alphabetical tour of domestic vocabulary to help you avoid getting lost or walking through the wrong doorway, and to give you a choice in navigating your way: 1. Attic: Synonyms for this word (from the Latin Atticus, â€Å"of Attica†) for a room or area under the roof of a house include garret (the term is from the Middle English word garite, â€Å"watchtower, turret†) and loft (from the Old English word for â€Å"air† or â€Å"sky), as well as the obscure cockloft. A loft that opens to a lower room is also called a balcony (the term is from the Italian word balcone, â€Å"large window†); this term may also refer to an upstairs outside porch or deck. 2. Bathroom: Because of the personal nature of the bathroom’s function, this room has many (mostly euphemistic) synonyms, including latrine and lavatory (both words are derived from the Latin word lavare, to wash†), as well as restroom, washroom, and â€Å"water closet†; most of these, however, are usually applied only to public facilities. Bath or toilet (the latter term is derived from the French word toilette, â€Å"cloth†) are also common usage though toilet more often refers specifically to the key fixture as are slang terms like head (this term is from naval usage, when the â€Å"bathroom† was the bow of the ship), john (from the given name), or loo (suggested to be from the French word l’eau, â€Å"water†). Privy, ultimately from Latin privatus, â€Å"private,† was originally synonymous with outhouse but may also refer to an interior room. 3. Boudoir: This French term (amusingly derived from the French word bouder, â€Å"to pout†) can apply to a bedroom, a dressing room, or a sitting room for the woman of the house. It has erotic connotations that, depending on context, the more utilitarian bedroom may or may not have. 4. Cellar: This area, often partially or completely belowground (see hall for etymology), is also called a basement. Because such areas often remain cooler than the rest of the dwelling, the cellar was originally used to store food and/or wine. More recently, it has been relegated to a general storage space or converted into one or more bedrooms or an informal entertainment area. 5. Closet: This term, from the Anglo-French word closett, a diminutive of clos, â€Å"enclosure,† originally referred to a secluded room but now applies to a usually walk-in cabinet for storing clothes and/or other household items. 6. Conservatory: Often a separate building (also known as a greenhouse) but sometimes attached to a house, the conservatory (the term stems ultimately from the Latin word conservare, â€Å"keep, observe†) is familiar to players of the board game Clue but rare in real life. The similar solarium (the term is from the Latin word for a porch with sun exposure), also known as a sunroom or a sun parlor, is a glass-enclosed room that may double as a conservatory. 7. Den: This term was borrowed from the synonym for lair, and the connotation of a secluded refuge is not coincidental; the neologism â€Å"man cave† (or mancave) suggests a retreat where the lord of the manor may escape to avoid responsibilities or the expectation that he behave in a civilized manner. The den may be used for entertainment or as an office or a study; those terms are also likely to be applied to a spare room where academic, professional, or leisure writing or research is done and/or where household management is conducted. 8. Foyer: This word, adopted into English from French when France was considered the epitome of all that is refined and proper, in the latter language means â€Å"fireplace† (the word is ultimately derived from the Latin word focus, â€Å"hearth†). In humble abodes, the hearth was close to the door (as was everything else), but the name stuck even as dwellings became larger. The word applies to entrance areas in public buildings as well; synonyms like entranceway, entryway, and lobby are usually applied only in that context, not in identifying the domestic equivalent. Vestibule (the term is from the Latin word vestibulum, â€Å"forecourt†) is a synonym that suggests a transitional area. An earthier equivalent, generally referring to a separate small chamber, is mudroom, though this area is often entered through a side door. 9. Garage: This term derives from the French word for â€Å"the act of docking, from garer â€Å"to dock†; it’s probably related to guard and guarantee. It was originally (and sometimes still is) detached from the house and, before the advent of the automobile, was preceded by the carriage house, itself an extension or evolution of a barn. 10. Hall: This word, stemming from the Old English heall and related to the Latin word cella, â€Å"small room† (whence cellar see above), originally referred to an entire dwelling (or at least its primary chamber) at a time when that was the living arrangement for a chieftain or a nobleman. By extension, the word came to be applied later to public buildings, campus edifices, and the like, but it also diminished to refer to the entry of a house, and ultimately, when houses became more extensive, a corridor or passageway that communicates to various rooms. The sense of â€Å"entry† is discussed above in the, er, entry for foyer. 11. Kitchen: For reasons of safety, the kitchen (the term derives ultimately from the Latin word coquere, â€Å"to cook†) was a separate building, but now it is often the figurative heart of the home. Related terms include buttery (a storeroom for liquor, from the Anglo-French word but, â€Å"cask†), pantry (a storeroom for food, ultimately from Latin panis, â€Å"bread†), and scullery (a cleaning area, ultimately from the Latin word scutella, â€Å"drinking bowl†). 12. Library: Originally, in some homes an entire room was set aside just to store the domestic collection of books, either for ostentatious display (and perhaps rarely, if ever, read) or for practical purposes, in which case the room doubled as an office or study. The term stems from the Latin word librarium, based on the stem libr-, â€Å"book.† 13. Nursery: When, in the homes of the well-to-do, children were best not seen nor heard, they were relegated to the nursery (the term is ultimately derived from the Latin word nutricius, â€Å"nourishing†), a combination sleeping and playing area. Now, a nursery is simply a bedroom occupied by the very young. 14. Parlor: As the name (from the Anglo-French word parler, â€Å"talk†) implies, this is a room dedicated to conversation among inhabitants or with their guests; â€Å"drawing room† (from â€Å"withdrawing room,† the room to which guests at a dinner party withdrew for postprandial conversation) is a synonym, as are salon and â€Å"sitting room.† The hall and the parlor have been supplanted by the living room and/or the family room, the latter a fairly recent development to provide a casual environment in contrast to the former, a more formal area. (Some houses, by contrast, have a great room, a large open area that may include space for more than one activity as well as a dining area and free access to the kitchen.) 15. Porch: The porch (the term is from the Latin word portico, ultimately derived from porta, â€Å"gate†) is usually merely a raised approach to a house, though it can be enclosed and might double as a solarium (see below). Synonyms are gallery, lanai (from Hawaiian), piazza (from Italian) stoop, and veranda or verandah (from Hindi and Urdu); all but stoop (from the Dutch word for a step) imply an expansive area. A sleeping porch is a well-ventilated area, sometimes adjacent to a bedroom, for sleeping on hot, still nights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†Ebook, eBook, ebook or e-book?

Financial and accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Financial and accounting - Essay Example Second, in financial accounting, financial statements are deemed important while users of management accounting focus on accounting reports as the most important products (Stolowy & Lebas 2007). Third, in financial accounting, the IFRS or IAS determine what is supposed to be included in financial reports and statements while in management accounting, managers determine what they want captured in accounting reports. Fourth, financial accounting focuses on historical information whereas management accounting basically utilizes forecasts or focus on future information (Rajasekaran & Lalitha 2011). Fifth, while financial accounting put emphasis on data reliability and objectivity, management accounting emphasizes on relevancy of data. Sixth, financial accounting yields reports about the entire company while management accounting yields reports that suit the needs of the management. Seventh, financial data are usually subject to audit verification while management data are no subject to a uditing process (Rajasekaran & Lalitha 2011). Companies are required to prepare financial statement at the end of their trading periods to disclose information that is deemed crucial for various users of financial statements. 1) Potential investors: Potential investors require financial statements to help them assess financial viability of putting their investment in a company. Based on the information disclosed in the financial statement, for instance profits in profit and loss account, investors are able to forecast future dividends. Also, potential investors may use financial statement figures to gauge the risk associated with investing in a particular company (Gibson 2009). For instance, investors may use high fluctuation in the reported profits of a company as an indication of high risk. Consequently, financial statements assist prospective investors in making investment decisions. 2) Shareholders: Financial statements assist

Project Appraisal Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Project Appraisal - Assignment Example ..... 4 Discussion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Recommendation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦10 Introduction Project appraisal is a structural process through which management uses to determine through careful assessment the most viable project. From a well appraised project, great achievements can be achieved in case the project implementer applies the appropriate s kills. Appraisal is done through assessment of data through assumptions and methodologies used when preparing a project. For instance, it involves the work flow, proposed financing, an assessment of the projects managerial aspects, cost estimating, finance validity, and how the project will be a benefit to society through factors like employment. Project appraisal happens in various types depending on the kind of project being determined its viability. It therefore cover an analysis of techniques being used, managerial aspects of the firm, analysis social factors like income and employment, assesses the impact of financial judgments among other financial activities, determines how is the project viable in terms of economic undertakings. Project appraisal involves various discounted and undiscounted techniques. The undiscounted techniques include payback period, value added, capital-output ratio, an outlay of proceeds per unit, and average of the outlay of proceeds per unit. However, the discounted techniques may be listed as net present worth, benefit cost ratio, internal rate of return, net benefit investment ratio, sensitivity analysis; and earnings before interest tax depreciation and amortization CEEU, 2005).. According to Ian, David & James, whenever the management is making decision it has to involve the above project appraisal techniques. To illustrate more of these, from our class work, students were given an online simulation test. As per the tests, students were supposed to think of themselves being the chief executive of the doll industry of US. They were supposed to do simulation for a period of five years (from 2009 to 2014) and it is the result they get would be used to test their knowledge on various techniques of business appraisal. Activities Undertaken At the beginning of the project, the company had basic net revenue of 3.23. With the firm`s expansion aim, the net revenue was expected to increase. Consequently, the student had to decide on p rojects from the available data with an assumption that it was a representation of the real data gotten during the research over the doll industry. The data could have included the past number of buyers of the product or the data recorded from market testing and the information collected from competitors` websites. With their target being kids and their playing devices, the students had to keep on updating various products to enhance their marketability over that of their competitors. It was a call for more implementation of technological experiences into the products to move with the increasing innovation in the world. Thus, to win parents heart, the products were developed being future oriented especially with what every parent could have dreamt of his kids and for the kids is about their dream being put in toy. Taking the managerial role, students tried to change the various rates of interest of the production, licensing and retail parts of the project. What students noted in tha t project. They affected investment analysis tools, but they only affected other output from the project after making a decision of investing on a particular project. This means that, there are those basic

Towards the Better Light Essay Example for Free

Towards the Better Light Essay The speaker in Elizabeth Bishop’s poem â€Å"The Fish† portrays someone who is rather inexperienced to what he is doing. An amateur in fishing if I may say due to several lines in the poem that suggests the speaker is confused with conscience upon catching the fish. The poem narrates a series of striking turns of emotions felt by the speaker towards his catch. First is the excitement and thrill of actually catching a fish, followed by being dumbfounded by the fish’s state: weak and powerless due to the many battles and struggles it might have been through before. The speaker becomes extremely at awe with the features of the fish, given a long list of descriptions all throughout the poem appealing to all senses for optimum understanding of the readers. It is as if the speaker desperately wants everyone to understand how he exactly saw the fish and how he actually felt at that moment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Looking at the long list of detailed descriptions, it is evident that the speaker is moved and is renewed by this experience. In fact, he was so moved that confusion overtaking him has led to the decision of finally letting the fish go.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Epiphany, as Levin might define it, has overtaken the speaker in such a way that the experience is almost, if not life changing. Understanding the life of the fish somehow illuminated him, giving him a huge revelation to the meaning of life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Changes in one’s life, as the speaker in Larkin’s poem A Study of Reading Habits may not be as moving as the amateur fisher in Bishop’s poem sees it. Rather, it may be more on deteriorating and depressing. The second poem entitled A Study of Reading Habits is also in a narrative form. It tells of the story of a person in three major points of his life- as a young boy, as a teenager and as an adult. The speaker expressed his emotions during these points through his portrayal of his reading habits during that time. Irony is present in the poem, as the decency and formality of the title contrasts the actual content of the poem, which is filled with slang terms such as â€Å"ripping† and â€Å"stewed†. This somewhat creates an image of sarcasm to give emphasis to the unfolding of a series of turmoil and depression throughout the speaker’s life. In the first stanza, reading serves as a way to brighten up his day if he is bullied and picked on by bigger kids in school. Using the term â€Å"cured†, the speaker points out that as a child, the books have comforted and soothed his fears of being oppressed because each time he reads, he enters a different world where he can be as strong and as magnificent as he wants to be. At adolescence, described in the second stanza, the speaker views the act of reading as a means of fantasizing sex in a dark, evil way. His sexual urges are probably triggered by erotic and ecstatic readings, as a naturally occurring part of puberty and adolescence. During these two stages in his life, reading has become his escape. He is very much relieved and transformed by the act of reading and whatever trouble and sadness he experiences in the real world is somehow erased by literary works. At these two stages, reading is still considered a good thing for him. However, as the speaker reaches adulthood, he came to a point of realization where his views have changed due to possibly more unfavorable events. At his point of realization, he now sees that reading cannot solve or even change whatever is happening in his life. Even his escapist tendencies in the form of reading cannot save him from believing that he is a loser, a failure of some sort.    Proofs to this are lines like â€Å"the dude who lets the girl down† and â€Å"the chap who’s yellow†, suggesting that even in his fantasies and made up world of stories, he still ends up being bad at what he does. The way I see it, it is not a form of depression but merely sadness. The speaker does not feel empty at all, but he feels terribly sad about not getting what he wants the way he has imagined things to turn out, or not getting what he wants at all. He does not blame the books for his sadness, but he now believes that he cannot rely on it as an escape from his sadness. Contrasting the amateur fisher with the troubled adult, the poems create two opposing attitudes towards life. The amateur fisher, a hopeful and inexperienced person that he is, finds beauty even in a lowly creature as the fish. He is able to empathize with the state of the fish and appreciate life in a better light through what he has witnessed. Being able to understand and feel the pains experienced by the fish, the amateur fisher is moved and blessed that he is in a better state. He let the fish go in exchange for a new lesson in life. The adult who has turned his back on reading, on the other hand, is more of a pessimist. He creates a negative aura in his life because he has let the drastic changes in his life get in the way of his joys. From finding it as a cure for sadness and oppression, â€Å"A load of crap† is how he now views the act of reading. Along with his maturity is the change in his attitude towards things. One is optimistic: learning from his experiences towards the better light while one sticks to his one- sided view of life, letting his self to be caught up in a dark, cold corner. References Bishop, Elizabeth. â€Å"The Fish†. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Meyer, Michael.5th Edition.   Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 509-511. Larkin, Philip. â€Å"A Study of Reading Habits†. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Meyer, Michael.5th Edition. Bedford/St. Martins, 2000. 511-512. Levin, Harry ed. The Portable James Joyce. New York: Viking, 1947. .

Aircraft Law: Liability :: essays research papers fc

Aircraft Law: Liability The problems regarding aircraft liability in the international realm primarily relate to resolving issues of legal status of international airline passengers and cargo. The issues are defined as follows: sovereignty over airspace, the impact of aerospace craft on the environment, the role of aerospace technology in the international system, weather modification, air safety and international aviation relations. Remarkable growth and development in the range of air transport services and technology earned the sector a distinctive international character. The latter is the most outstanding feature of the industry which allowed "every part of the world [to be reached] within a few hours of every other and, in doing so †¦ brought about a revolution in world trade, in business contacts, and in methods of diplomacy." (1) The principles of air law have been evolving at a rapid pace since the beginning of the Twenty-first Century, however, they also remain inadequate to meet the needs of contemporary society. Concern for this immense growth and the accompanying implications produced the impetus to devise a means to ensure orderly and appropriate development. Thus, "The general policy of the world community in regard to emerging issues of air law demands the maintenance and promotion of a balance between technological advance in aviation and the preservation of a wholesome environment by providing adequate policies and prescriptions." (2) The initial governing treaty passed in 1929 is known as the Warsaw Convention. This is a multilateral treaty among nations that governs international air transportation. It was based on the idea that because aviation was in its infancy, there was a risk of destroying the carrier airline if there was a major crash. Therefore, it limits the liability for carriers. Unfortunately, this treaty also limited the liability for damages to injured persons. Because of the latter clause, the U.S. renounced its participation and proceeded to join the international aviation community in entering into the Montreal Agreement of 1965. The Montreal Agreement was a special contract authorized by the Warsaw Convention which states that the parties can agree to engage in certain activities only if there is a consensus. The agreement also raised the limitation of liability, instituted absolute liability for any accident, and developed a criteria for recovery for which the injured party has to prove that the carrier was guilty of willful misconduct. This agreement only applies to flights that start, stop or end or those which connect with an itinerary that stops, starts or ends in the United States. (3) A third and more comprehensive convention was the Convention on International Civil Aviation of 1944 also known as the Chicago Convention.

Vershire Porter’s Five Forces

1. Prepare an industry analysis using Porter’s 5 Forces model. What are the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability? Explain. (20%) * Barriers to entry I would suggest that the barriers to entry are relatively high in this industry. Although there would not be huge capital requirement to enter into the aluminum cans producing business and customer-switching costs are considered to be low, the fact is that the competition in this industry is very intense. There are already many aluminium cans manufacturers exist in the market, with some large packaging manufacturers dominating the market shares.Some large beverage processors even manufacture cans themselves (one large beverage company produced one-third of its own container requirement and ranked one of the top five beverage producers in the industry). Also, three of the global aluminum supplier companies also themselves manufacture aluminum containers. Although there would be high demand in the indust ry (from both small and large breweries and soft drink bottlers), there are too many competitors that could keep new entrants out of the market. * Power of suppliers There are four global companies supplied aluminum to can producers: UC Rusal, Alcoa, Alcan, Chalco (as shown below).There are many buyers (can producers) in the market while there are only few major suppliers. In addition, aluminum is a highly differentiated product. Resources of bauxites, the raw material for aluminum, are not widespread throughout the world. The main deposit of high-quality bauxites are already dived by those main players. Therefore, whoever owns the resources ‘wins the game’. Today the ‘Big Ten’ aluminium manufacturers are: Although it can be argued that steel is one of the substitutes, aluminum has many advantages over steel: it is easier to shape and allowing more attractive packaging; it reduces the problems of flavouring and it educes the transportation costs because of its lighter weight. Therefore, there would be constant demand for aluminum because of its beneficial nature. According to the above, I would say that the power of supplier is extremely high in the aluminum can manufacture industry. * Buyer (customer) power Buyer power is relatively high in the aluminum can manufacturing industry. Their buyers are primarily the soft drink bottlers, which are small independent franchisees of Coca-Cola and Pepsi Cola. Most of these customers maintained at least two or more suppliers and spread purchases among those suppliers.Thus, in order to retain customers, division must meet customer’s cost and quality specification or its standards for delivery and service, otherwise customer would turn to another supplier. * Threat of substitutes As I have mentioned above, one of the substitutes of aluminum can is steel can. Yet there are a lot of advantages of aluminum over steel. A ton of scrap aluminum has almost three times the value of a ton of scrap steel. Other substitutes for breweries and soft drink bottlers would be plastic or glass bottle.An study conducted by the metal can industry leader, Silgan Containers, revealed that 81 percent of shoppers prefer metal cans compared to 9 percent for plastic and 6 percent for glass. In addition, Aluminum is a more attractive recycling material compare to steel, plastic or glass. A US record also showed that 56 billion aluminum cans were recycled in 2010. Aluminum never wear out, it can be recycled forever. Therefore, aluminum is still considered to be the most attractive material for the can manufacturing business. * Rivalry amongst competitorsCompetition is high in this industry in term of supplier power, customer power and number of competitors as mentioned above. Conclusion As Vershire is one of the largest manufacturers of aluminum cans in the industry, it is assumed that it has access to sufficient raw material to produce aluminum cans. They would also have large number of loyal customers but just the matters of maintaining their high level of products and on-time delivery. I would argue that the key determinants of Vershire’s aluminium can profitability would be the costs of the production. A lower costs while maintaining its quality can attract new customers.Thus, the relationship with suppliers could become critical. Vershire could renegotiate prices and develop long-term relationship with one or two suppliers. Cutting costs in purchasing can be a big saving for the company. Vershire could also improve its production efficiency to eliminate unnecessary production costs. 2. Which of Porter’s generic strategies is Vershire following? (10%) Porter claims that there are two ways of responding to the opportunities in the external environment and developing a competitive advantage, there are: cost leadership and differentiator.Veshire would most likely be a cost leader. Aluminum can itself is not a highly differentiated product. Every metal can m anufacturer produces the same kind of product. In addition, most of the customers maintain two or more suppliers. In other word, if a manufacturer failed to meet the customer’s cost and quality specification, it is very likely that the manufacturer would lose the customers. Therefore, being a cost leader is essential in this industry and it is the strategy adopted in Vershire.

Environmental Impacts of Aviation Essay

Noise is said to have a variety of definitions. For people who are inclined towards acoustics, noise is identified as a complex form of sound waves that have irregular vibrations and has no known pitch. In the field of engineering, noise is considered as a signal that interferes with the detection and quality identification of another signal. However, for psychoacoustic studies which are focused on the study of human response to sound, noise is deemed as an unwanted form of sound (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association [ASHA], 2008). According to K. D. Kryter (1996), noise is an enhanced form of sound signals that post a negative effect in the physiological and psychological aspect of an individual (Kryter, 1996 cited in ASHA, 2008). For the most part, noise is something that could be identified as an unwanted sound which is a pollutant and a hazard to the health of human beings (ASHA, 2008). Noise can be derived from a variety of contributors, and such noises have their own levels that are detrimental to the hearing of an individual. Noise levels are measured in decibels. Sounds that are louder than 80 decibels are considered to be hazardous. One of the leading sources of potentially hazardous noise is the airport. Noises from airports could come from constructions and operating machines. However, the major contributor for airport noise is caused by the aircrafts. There are two ways on how aircraft noises are generated. First, airframe noise appears whenever air passes through the fuselage or body and wings of the plane. The activity causes friction and turbulence which often result in the production of unwanted sound. Gliders which are planes without engines produce noise during its flights. Second, engine noise is derived from the action of the moving parts of the aircraft’s engine. Such noise is also produced whenever the sound of air passes through the engines during high speed. Engine noise mainly comes from the plane’s exhaust or the jet situated behind the engine whenever the air sound from the engine combines with the air surrounding it (Wellington Airport, 2008). Based from the study carried out by Daniel Nunez (1998), airplane noise poses disturbance in the human sleep more than any other forms of noises. It was also indicated that more than 50% of the people residing near airports are awakened by airplane noise (Holland-Wegman, 1967 cited in Nunez, 1998). The onset of aircraft noise as a major problem began during the time when there is an upsurge in the need of air transportation after World War Two. By the end of 1950’s, the introduction of jet planes became widely known which later on catapulted the â€Å"aviation revolution† where commercial air passengers were also introduced (Nunez, 1998). The augmentation in the aircraft use also resulted in the increase in the noise level produced by air transportations. Because of the outstanding length of service and success of aircraft operations, airports gradually become larger and noisier. The attractive activities of airports also began to grab the attention of people, wherein surrounding communities started to spread all throughout the nearby areas. The more airports become bigger and nosier, the more residential structures, churches, and schools come closer to the area. Eventually, conflicting issues arise. Aside from the land expansion of airports which often cause nearby residents to act defensively, noise is also regarded as an issue that is very much integrated with airport operations (Bachman, 2003). As such, the painful sound from aircraft take offs and landings were viewed as the primary reasons of annoyance by the residents living near the area. From then on, airport noise has become a complex psychophysiological and economic issue (Nunez, 1998). The issues regarding aircraft noise are said to be complicated because of the aviation industry’s significance in the economy of developing countries. Without the presence of the aviation industry various economic industries would be gravely affected, some of which include the tourism business and mail transportation (Nunez, 1998). Many airports have spent large amounts of money in order to provide sound insulation for residential buildings and community owned structures to reduce aircraft noise (Bachman, 2003). One of the airports that have reached an agreement regarding their noise issue with the people in the surrounding community is the Wellington International Airport Limited (WIAL) situated in New Zealand. WIAL was constituted as a legal corporation on October 16, 1990. The aviation company is partly owned by the Wellington City Council which shares 34% of the total stocks, while the other 66% are owned by Infratil Limited. Wellington International Airport is known as the third largest airport in New Zealand and is classified as a regional hub that extends its international flight service not only in New Zealand but also to the Eastern part of Australia and the neighboring island countries in the south-west Pacific. Almost 90% of the passengers of WIAL travel domestically and majority of whom are business people (Ministry of Economic Development [MED], 2005). As it was said, no other cities in the world have an airport location that could be compared to Wellington International Airport. WIAL is situated on a narrow strip of land in the center of the residential areas. The airport is just minutes away towards the capital’s centre. It is also accessible through a short coastal scenic drive or passing through the tunnel at Mount Victoria. Although the location of the airport is said to be unique, the airport is faced with substantial challenges in terms of its environmental impact, specifically the aircraft noise. The location of Wellington International Airport which is close to the residential area became a ground for the residents to organize the Residents Airport Noise Action Group, the noise abatement requirement, as well as different actions from the internal operations of the airport in order to decrease the noise pollution (Wellington Airport, 2008). Residents Airport Noise Action Group In 1963, Maxine Harris first moved into her home at Strathmore which is near Wellington International Airport. Five years after, Harris reported that the jet noise began. According to documents, Harris and her neighbors were not at all bothered by the jet noise. However by 1980’s, Harris and her neighbors started hearing the night-time acceleration of the airplane engines of National Airways. Harris even noted that they heard the revving of the airplane engines that sounded like a high-pitched whining that would wake her up in the middle of the night and would not allow her to get back to sleep. Harris complained about the noise issue, but an airport official told her that no other individual complained about the noise. Harris talked to her other neighbor about the issue and her neighbor told her that he had also complained, yet the airport official also told him that no other person called the airport to complain. Both Harris and her neighbor responded to the issue by putting leaflets in the mailboxes of their neighbors. The leaflet called for the other residents to phone the airport whenever they were disturbed by the aircraft noise (Samson, 1997a). Because of this, the neighbors responded well, and in 1986, the Residents Airport Noise Action Group was established. The group was focused on performing two tasks: to halt the engine testing at night and to lessen the noise produced by the 737’s. It was in 1986 when the group had their first meeting with the city council. During that time, they have voiced their complaints regarding the noise issue. Their first attempt became successful after the city passed the first by-law which is focused on the engine-testing. The by-law limits the testing times of the National Airways Friendship fleet. However, subsequent efforts of the group were not as successful as their first attempt. The noise problem of the Boeing 737’s still remains (Samson, 1997a). In 1987, the Ansett Airlines became a part of the internal air service market. In return, Air New Zealand has to expand their operations. It was stated that the residents regarded 1987 as the year of â€Å"big explosion† because of the noise produced by the aircrafts. In response to the growing issue of the airport noise, the residents put forward a proposal, stating that all the 737’s should be phased out in 1997. Three months after the proposal was passed, Ansett acknowledged the residents’ plea by replacing the fleets with whisper jets that are much quieter compared to the 737’s. On the other hand, the city council framed a proposed by-law that would have ordered the Air New Zealand to reduce its fleet on a stage by stage process. However, the propose by-law did not take in effect (Samson, 1997a). By 1992, Air New Zealand promised that by the following year seven of their Boeing 737-200’s would have devices that would reduce noise known as hush kits and other fleets would be phased out and will be replaced by 737-300’s. However, the residents did not agree with this. Arguments were once again raised that have even reached the select committees of the parliament, yet the resolutions were unidentifiable (Samson, 1997, p. 19a). As a response to the noise issue that has been gaining public interest, the city council put forth a proposed district plan, but the residents opposed to it. However, in order to resolve the issue, environment court judge Shonagh Kenderdine ruled out in August of 1997 that the airport and the airlines should adhere to the strict rules as proposed by the district plan regarding the air noise boundary wherein a specific maximum noise level will be set. Furthermore, the noise boundary would later on be dissolved if there is an improvement with the airport and airlines noise management. Other regulations that were included in the ruling involve the night curfew, engine-testing, ground noise control, and land-use. The first three issues being disputed were already progressive after the issues were ruled out. The last dispute which was focused on the land use was not settled until November of 1997 (Samson, 1997a). As a follow up to the court ruling done on August of 1997, in order to end the ten-year fight regarding the acceptable noise level in Wellington area, and to finally conclude the last remaining area of dispute which was focused on the land use, Judge Shonagh Kenderdine ended the noise issue on November 20, 1997. The major players during the court case involved the Residents airport noise action group, the board of airline representatives, the Wellington city council, and the Wellington international airport. It was stipulated in the ruling that: â€Å"All new housing developments within the airport’s air-noise boundary would be deemed unrestricted discretionary activity† (Samson, 1997b, p. 3). Under the said ruling, any individuals who are interested to build residential structures within the surrounding airport area and all the application permits have to be approved by the Wellington City Council. Therefore, the council has the right to refuse or consent the details of the application depending on the criteria that are still to be set by the district plan (Samson, 1997b). Despite the criteria being on the process of completion, the interested party should be governed by the assessments set in the ruling wherein new homes that will be built within the airports air-noise boundary should use construction materials that could pass the standards of noise reductions. Such materials include: thicker gib boarding, double or thicker window glazing, and the installation of noise insulations. The ruling also required the city council to implement stricter rules regarding the development of new housings compared to the original proposition of the district plan (Samson, 1997b).

What Does My PSAT Score Mean 3 Next Steps After the PSAT

What Does My PSAT Score Mean 3 Next Steps After the PSAT SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You just got your PSAT score – what's next?You just got your score, but don't know what it exactly means or what you should do next. There are three strong implications of your PSAT score, and those students that understand them do a lot better in college admissions that those who don't. Read on to find out what those implications are. Did you just get your PSAT score? (If not, check out the PSAT release schedule here). If so, you may be wondering how to interpret the score. The PSAT serves a number of purposes. It prepares you for the SAT test next year, which is one of the most important pieces in college admissions. It determines a number (but not all) of scholarships. And perhaps most importantly, it's the starting line when students with foresight begin planning for college. Step 1: What Does Your PSAT Score Mean? Is It Good or Bad? The PSAT score generally can be mapped to the SAT score divided by 10. So a 2000 on the SAT is similar to 200 on the PSAT. Once you know this, you can see how you did using our guide here. There are some important differences between the PSAT and SAT, however. For one, you're generally taking the PSAT in 10th grade, so that when you take the SAT next year, you will be one year wiser and smarter. This means that, on average, the PSAT provides a lower bound on your score for the SAT (see this article about how to interpret a 10th grade PSAT / SAT / ACT score). The average student improves around 50 points between the PSAT and SAT (and even more with online prep). Therefore, if you take your PSAT score, multiply by 10, and add 120 points, you'll get a good prediction of your SAT score. You can use this score to figure out what range of colleges you'll qualify for: simply search for the college's SAT score. Step 2: Find Out Whether You're in the Running for Merit Scholarships The PSAT is also known as the test of whether you qualify for the National Merit Scholarships (NMS). NMS awards are generally around $2,500, and the PSAT score needed to qualify varies according to circumstance, but in all cases, you need to get above 200 on the PSAT to be even considered. The actual qualification cutoff is 215 on average, but it's possible to score a bit lower and still qualify, or score a bit higher and still not make it. If you make the cutoff score, congrats! However, to get the NMS award, you also have to have good recommendations and academic performance at school. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation (NMSC) details what happens after you meet the cutoff. Also, there are important factors affecting which NMS award you get: most are from the standard pool of $2,500 awards, but some companies give slighly more to special groups. For example, I was qualifying for the NMS, my scholarship was sponsored by my father's employer for a slightly higher amount of $3,000. Finally, certain colleges will give scholarships if you go to that college, but I caution against taking these awards unless that college was your top pick anyway. Whether a college gives you a few thousand dollars is usually a smaller issue than the overall sticker price, or the quality of the education. If you don't make the cutoff, don't stress! Not all scholarships are administered by the NMS. In fact, I would say from my experience that a vast minority of scholarships are administered by the NMSC. For example, when I was attending college, most of my scholarship came from the college itself, much larger than any other I received. Other institutions provide scholarships through a process that bypasses the NMSC completely. Don't stop your scholarship search just because your PSAT score is under 200! Step 3: Get Started With PSAT Prep The PSAT is the kickoff of the college application consideration timeline. Do you need to stress about applications immediately as a sophomore? No. Do you need to read dozens of college entrance guides right this moment? No. But you should definitely take this seriously as the starting point of thinking about colleges. From my experience, my classmates that began to think about college after they got their PSAT scores fared a lot better than those who started thinking about college in the middle of junior year, or God forbid, senior year. What to Do Next How to get a perfect SAT score How to win a National Merit Scholarship

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations

Embrasser (to Embrace) French Verb Conjugations The French verb  embrasser  means to embrace or to kiss. Its resemblance to English makes it an easy one to remember and its an essential part of your French love vocabulary. When you want to say embraced or kissing, a verb conjugation is required. A quick French lesson will show you how thats done. Conjugating the French Verb  Embrasser Embrasser  is a  regular -ER verb  and it follows a very common verb conjugation pattern. The infinitive endings are just like those for similar verbs such as  admirer  (to admire),  adorer  (to adore), and countless others. This makes learning each new verb just a little easier than the last. When conjugating, we must first recognize the verb stem. In the case of  embrasser, that is  embrass-. To this, the various endings are added to match the present, future, or imperfect past tense. Yet, in French, we must also take into account the subject pronoun. For instance, I embrace is jembrasse and we will kiss is nous emrasserons. Subject Present Future Imperfect j' embrasse embrasserai embrassais tu embrasses embrasseras embrassais il embrasse embrassera embrassait nous embrassons embrasserons embrassions vous embrassez embrasserez embrassiez ils embrassent embrasseront embrassaient The Present Participle of Embrasser The  present participle  of  embrasser  is formed by adding -ant  to the verb stem to give us  embrassant.  This is rather useful as it is not only a verb, but can act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © A  common way to express the past tense in French is the  passà © composà ©. To construct it, you must conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then attach the  past participle  embrassà ©. For example, I embraced is jai embrassà © and we kissed is nous avons embrassà ©. Notice how the past participle remains the same and that  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir. More Simple Embrasser  Conjugations Among the simplest conjugations of  embrasser, French students should focus on the present, future, and past tenses at first. When youre ready, add these verb forms to your vocabulary as well. When the verbs action has some degree of uncertainty or dependency, use either the subjunctive or the conditional verb mood. In writing, the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive may be used. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive j' embrasse embrasserais embrassai embrassasse tu embrasses embrasserais embrassas embrassasses il embrasse embrasserait embrassa embrassà ¢t nous embrassions embrasserions embrassà ¢mes embrassassions vous embrassiez embrasseriez embrassà ¢tes embrassassiez ils embrassent embrasseraient embrassà ¨rent embrassassent ​To express  embrasser  in a direct command or request, the imperative verb form is used. In this case, the subject pronoun is not required. Keep it short and sweet with embrasse rather than tu embrasse. Imperative (tu) embrasse (nous) embrassons (vous) embrassez

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign - Essay Example Private owners and fleet owners have been selected as the target audience. The private owners belong to the affluent and prosperous middle class. This segment is highly conscious of factors like performance, cost, reliability, and efficiency. Fleet owners desire a product that has reduced operational and maintenance costs. Advertising, public relations, and direct marketing have been selected as the communication methods due to their broader reach, loyal customer base, and flexibility in advertising content. Television, newspapers, outdoor billboards, and email marketing are the appropriate mediums for advertisement and promotion. The direct marketing strategy will encompass various activities and processes. At the basic level, market research will be conducted about the consumer segments. Toyota has identified private owners and fleet buyers as the main segments which will be penetrated and researched. The first part of the implementation should seek to collect the statistics on the behavior, lifestyle, and attitudes of consumer segments. Market research will help Toyota to capitalize on its strengths in order to overcome limitations. A multifaceted and multidirectional strategy will help to produce superior business outcomes. Advertising, direct marketing, and public relations have been selected as the communication methods for promoting Toyota Prius.

Article Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Article Reflection - Essay Example Importantly, input of the teachers’ expertise in the educational growth of the students enables them to develop their creativity. Teachers from working class schools are not enthusiastic about developing the skills of their students beyond the curriculum requirements. However, instructors from elite and affluent schools assist students in nurturing life and career skills that will benefit students well beyond the school years (Anyon, 1980). These differences bring about the imbalance in the quality of students from the two institutions. Generally, scholars from elite and affluent schools have additional skills other than the basic educational requirements of curriculums. Essentially, these skills assist the students overcome numerous life hurdles and enhance their problem solving capabilities Introduction Education is an essential necessity that the government usually provides to its citizens. Governments are the major providers of education since they meet a sizeable part of their annual budgets. However, the education system is inclusive of privately funded institutions, which offer a competitive edge to their students in comparison to the public schools. Anyon, (1980) confirms the variations of the students are sparking intense debate of the merits of different education systems. It is inevitable to question the characteristics that define the preference of either of the two education systems. ... Understanding, present schooling requires evaluation of objectives, structures and political dynamics. Evidently, individuals assume schools solely teach curriculums, for instance, Math, Chemistry, and outdoor activities, such as sports and club participation. Schools are avenues that mould the future of the student socially, intellectually, politically and culturally. Implications of the Social Status on Education According to Anyon (1980), the research could classify the educational requirements into four social strata. These include the â€Å"working schools, middle class schools, affluent professional schools and executive elite institutions† (Anyon, 1980). Student’s educational capabilities are mainly improved or hindered by their families’ socioeconomic standing. Several factors hinder education’s role as â€Å"the great equalizer† of individuals from diverse communities. Schools serving children form meager income families encounter numerous hurdles, for example, attracting qualified teachers, less parental support and meeting student’s requirements (Anyon, 1980). The differences in the student’s cognitive capabilities start from their experience in kindergartens up to higher educational institutions. Work Objective of Schools According to Anyon (1980), the different school classes display different performance objectives and procedures that their teachers practice. The teachers output is vital in shaping the cognitive abilities of the students. Working class schools mainly entails procedural routines and less of discretion in performance of the curriculum objectives. Such procedures limit the imaginative capabilities of the teachers; therefore, they are incapable of informing their students how to scrutinize procedures

Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Essays - Essay Example There is no other better way in which I feel that I can express my inner self so very effectively. I get to know myself and find a way to understand my beliefs and interests when I listen to soul music. It also gives me so much comfort that I cannot find in any other way. This is also called improvisation; that is, expressing oneself through the use of sounds. Music is composed of sounds originating from known objects, but this composition is such that it is interesting to listen to. Self-expression through music is a long known phenomenon and I found it really working when I applied it on myself. And more specifically, soul music is that genre of music that I have found to be very soothing and rhythmically comforting to my own soul. I totally agree with Aristotle that the whole is much greater than the sum of its parts. Just like individuals belonging to different cultural, socio-economic and intellectual backgrounds combine to form integral parts of a strong society, I am also a combination of parts which I call experiences which have combined together to form the whole of myself. I was raised in a single parent household which taught me how to become independent at a very young age. This experience of being raised by a single parent inculcated in me much responsibility and concern toward my parent and household. I worked as a volunteer in a children’s shelter which told me how to be kind to the young ones. Serving in rural communities in Africa every year gave me the experience of practical and responsible life. Staying awake at nights burning the midnight oil gave me a sense of effort and toil to achieve my ambition. These are only the examples of many experiences that are integral parts of my life an d which combine together to form the whole of me. Through the addition of these experiences into my life, the total sum has been such a personality that is full of concern, kindness, love and care toward my elders, young ones

Procter and Gamble: PEST SWOT Analysis

Procter and Gamble: PEST SWOT Analysis Procter and Gamble Market Environment Central problem Procter and Gamble (PG) started its PuR project as part of selling water purification technology named the PuR sachets. However, entering the market with water purification technology had three major issues all related to brand and product recognition. Thus, with PG facing brand and product difficulties, three major problems were threatening to decapitate the investments that were poured into the PuR project. The very first problem that PuR project as creating awareness for the brand and product that had not been traded before in the market. Thus, in promoting the product, the company faced two secondary problems which included difficulties in establishing ready market for the product and convincing customers that the PuR sachets were relevant in their lives. Secondly, the company developed the project through heavy spending. The problem associated with the investment into the PuR project is that the company’s under per sales did not seem to be sufficient enough to cover the c osts, hence the management was contemplating on dropping the project. Thirdly, while PuR was a reality and that the company was seeking approval from CDC, a major problem involved the lack of public or customer demand for the product regardless of the fact that PG tried to convince customers that dirty water was the cause of diarrhea (Hanson and Karen, 11). Secondary problems that faced PG included the fact that the PuR used preparation method that was very difficult to copy but very expensive as well. Thus, the company could not trade its water purification solution at a price that customers were able to afford. Additionally, the target market probably at a higher risk of contracting diarrhea due to consumption of dirty water was the very one that could not afford to buy the PuR sachets at the high prices. Collectively, finding market was a base and persisting problem that did not favor the PuR project and also did not have the potential to sustain the business projection of the company. Environmental Scanning Political Factors PG targeted various markets with the PuR sachets. Among these were the pioneer market in Pakistan, Guatemala, and Morocco. The political environment in most of these markets favored the marketing of PuR sachets but Morocco was quite problematic as testing at school level was denied. All of the identified markets allowed for village testing of the PuR sachets which meant that the only major problem the company was facing was associated with its approach in working with various major governmental departments and ministries. Like in Morocco, the company could not get approval for testing at the school level but it was able to get approval of the CDC in the US. Economic Factors Among the economic factor that were facing PG included the nature of the market as well as the social class of the potential buyers of the product. Initially, the CDC saw potential in the PuR sachets and encouraged the company to continue with the project. However, the company management had had enough of the under per sales due to lack of sustaining customer base. Additionally, with reference to the existence of other brands and availability of bottled water, PG was not getting as much return on investment as it had hoped for. Finally, multiple tests and commissioning of research and development continued to take more of the company’s financial power thus weakening its promotional power. The company once had to take a desperate stance of signing a contract with nonprofit organization so that it can promote the PuR sachets in developing nations. This approach shows how economically desperate the market was making the company at hand. Social Factors Social factors that most companies are worried about today include the income of their target market and the underlying issues that push the demand for products and services. Among these issues, the target market for PuR sachets were the households that had bottom-of-the-pyramid entities, children. However, the social class of which illness related to dirty water could affect were the low-income families. The problem with the PuR sachet target market is that it had very little experience in using water purification methods and also did not have the financial potential to buy the products that the prices they were traded at. While dirty water was associated with diseases such as diarrhea, the target market had other issues affecting them besides the diseases – the included household income and consideration of other factors besides water treatment. Technological Factors While most of the factors considered under this title played a negative role towards the development and trading of PuR sachets, technology was the only one that had an all-round positive effect to the desperate situation. PG had the required strength to develop research and development approaches aimed at managing most of its projects. However, considering research and development, PG had to invest in technology that both identified the need for water purification. Additionally, the packaging of the PuR was light and could store the contents for over three years. This approach in technology enabled the company- despite the low demand- the products did not go to waste due to their extended life span. SWOT Analysis Strengths Among the strengths of PG include: Financial strength of the company The company is well established worldwide The company is diversified and has numerous other products it trades which contribute to its financial strength The company’s philanthropic tradition connects it with customers as it contributes to various charity events Weaknesses Among the weaknesses of PG include The company is diversified and offers a continuum of products to the market from health products to domestic animal products. This approach makes the company’s strategic approach unfocused. The company is involved in non-effective marketing campaigns that drain the company’s financial stability. Due to poor market feasibility studies, the company’s venture in Morocco, Pakistan, and Guatemala all failed to meet expectations With unfocused research and development, the company had to call back its products for redevelopment wasting more money. Opportunities The company pioneered a product that continued to attract more customers due to health education programs The company’s joint venture with local companies increase its market penetration and spreads risks to create financial security. With reference to Morocco, the company is able to reach out for more customers in need of clean water while in Pakistan developing upper class population providing ready market for the PuR sachets. Increasing cases of waterborne diseases create a larger market for water purification solutions. Threats More companies and brands have ventured into the market and offer far more affordable products as compared to the PuR sachets New entry products have the potential to weaken the current market share. Regulatory agencies in the current target markets prevent the company from saturating the available markets with the PuR sachets. Strategic Alternatives The strategic alternatives that can be used to ensure that the company is able to trade more profitably would be to Hire marketing agency to properly promote the products and manage finances Reduce the product portfolio so that the company focuses better on the most important lines of products Promote products in more dynamic markets rather than slowly developing markets Course of Action The course of action for each of the alternative is as follows: Alternative 1: In hiring suitable marketing agency, the company would invite marketing companies to bid for a one year contract to assess potential markets and to incorporate market segmentation relating to social factors affecting each type of market (Kahn, 76). Alternative 2: Since PG trades numerous products, the company is to select the products that are least profitable to the company and discontinue their production. This would enable the company to invest more funds to meaningful projects while cutting cost in the production of non-value intensive products (Kahn, 78). Alternative 3: The Company is to hire a marketing agency in this case or to conduct research regarding the most favorable markets worth investing in. Additionally, the current markets or nations that the company invests in could be measured in terms of economic stability and the per capita for perceived potential customers. In consideration, the company or the hired marketing agency can investigate the Gini Index of the target population of various potential markets to identify how sustainable the company operations can be in a new environment (Masur, 666). Work Cited Hanson, Margaret and Karen Powell. Procter Gamble PuR Purifier of Water: Developing the Product and Taking it to Market. INSEAD. 2009. Print. Retrieved from: http://www.gwu.edu/~clai/training_programs/UChile_MBA_Programs/uchilemba2010/Griffin_Readings/CSR_PuR_A_case.pdf Kahn, Kenneth. Functional, Multifunctional, and Cross-Functional: Considerations for Marketing Management. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, Vol. 17, No. 1 2009: pp. 75-84. Print. Masur, Jonathan and Posner, Eric. Against Feasibility Analysis. The University of Chicago Law Review, Vol. 77, No. 2: 2010; pp. 657-716. Print.

Peer Pressure Speech -- Peer Pressure Speech

The first point I want to make in this speech is that peer pressure is NOT a bad thing. We all are influenced by our peers, both negatively and positively. It helps define who we are and how we feel about subjects in our lives. It is how we chose to react to peer pressure that defines who we are as an individual. Are we a leader or a follower? Both types of people are needed to make the world go round. Basically, the difference between negative and positive peer pressure is the outcome. The reverse of the situation above is negative peer pressure. The situation itself is positive peer pressure. Or is it? What if a teen really doesn't like sports, but pushes himself to do it to please his friends or to be accepted? Therefore, he probably doesn't do to well at it, and gets only jabs at hi...

Library Management System Essay

Technologies are important and helpful in everyone’s life. Schools set the various pedagogical changes to achieve the current level of education in other countries. Because of the growing numbers of computer users, this became an effective medium to demonstrate the knowledge and skills of the students. From the traditional searching process for the books in the libraries, the interactive usage of computers can be now addressed as part of the library system. Now, with the advent of such modernization in education, one way to globalize the process of research is to realize that technology is advancing at an incredibly fast pace. Technology has a systematic and organized way of keeping data records, computing numbers, accomplishing a lot of transactions and reports. A system library management system is made to have fast process transactions for searching book titles, borrowing books, returning books, computing penalties and generating an accurate report. In addition, Library is an important part of the academic sector as well as some professional sectors too like, Advocacy etc. The efficiency of a library lies in the fact how it is arranged and how easily one can get the books of their choice. Generally, what we see nowadays is the manual library management system whose process of operation is very much hectic. Library is a place in which we get information in any format and from many sources. This involves the utilization for processing, accessing and retrieving the information that can effectively support the process of student’s learning, decision- making and scholastically approaches. Because of the organized approach and systematic management of the information, the accessibility and retrieval in the library can be easy. Traditionally, library management systems are implemented manually. Forms are given to librarian and they fill them of using pens. Afterwards, the school administrators process them manually and complied on large bulky file cabinet. Indeed, the manual library system is very costly, time consuming and tedious. The primary complaint of school administrators with this system is the tiresome task of searching through records just to verify your query data. The fast phased of technology attributed a lot to the improvement of the library management system. Technology enables software developers to computerize to computerize the library system. Hence, Here in Lyceum of Alabang, the newly build library of Basic Education (exclusively for k12 lyceans) provides several of books to the students to convey information especially in their research, paper works, assignments and projects. Thus, the institution aim to supply the necessary materials to their students, the idea of library management system is introduces. A. Background of the Study Nowadays most system like library system faces some problems such as flexibility, usability and accessibility. As the times goes by, some programmers discovered a solution to aide the said problems on past. And to develop more features that can be help to the system to make it more easy to use. Lyceum of Alabang, exclusively in Basic Education Library Management System aimed to enhance the procedures of the library, manually operated to a computerized system. This proposal’s purpose was to ease the transaction in the library, i.e., lending of books, storing of books, search books and secure library system. The librarian and the library user still use the manual way of transacting of borrowing and returning of books. The librarian use log books in listing the books. They use library cards and card catalogues in searching for reading and reference materials. In order to sustain the needs of the system the developer on this system always updates and check if there are malfunctions or technical errors of the system. Before the researcher came up on this system they planned first before executing and developing this system, the researcher’s gathered information through survey if the management or students would really need this system. In addition, system structures required to achieve such design are clarified. After checking requirement specification included in the basic plan, the overview of the project is represented by the use of diagrams so that the processing and flows of data can be easily understood. B. Objectives of the Study The objective of the study was to develop a computerized system that will store the record of the students such as basic information, books record, list of borrower’s, returned books, borrowed books and prescription of the librarian. This specify following objectives of the system: a. To provide the administrator an effective way on storing and encoding all the necessary information needed from a student before letting them borrow a book. b. To design and create system that will lessen the time and effort of the administrator in their transaction. c. To quickly search the about a certain book that are still out and needed by the student who also wants to borrow a book from the library. d. To implement a modernize way of resolving inventory issues in the library. C. Scope and Limitation Important features such as the administrator would be able to get the information of the students who borrowed the books and also the inventory of books for availability purposes and monitoring of book volumes other features offers the security of the books in were the admin could easily verify if the books are return or not. User information subsystem (Collect User information from user and will save in the database) borrow a book subsystem (determine if the book is meant to be checked out) Inventory a book subsystem (Get book from user, set book/items status to â€Å"available†) Notify user book is overdue subsystem (Check if all books are accounted, issue overdue notice, look up users information). Library Management System can’t produce outputs of the data reports, can be viewed and use only by one user which is the administrator, transaction process with regards of over due of borrowing books are still in the issue of not accurately provide the exact amount of payment that the student must pay as a punishment of not returning the borrowed books on time And cannot provide the list of books that are stored inside the library system. D. Significance of the study The researchers aim to develop the manual process into computerize library system in basic education. It helps the management a lot when it comes for checking inventory of several books and to make their work more easily and conveniently. And by the use of this system the management can easily checked the books that are loaned, borrowed and identify the books which are reserved. To make it easy to search any record, to keep the data secured, to edit the records and update the database easily, to make the backup easily, to minimize the duplication of data and to make the system user friendly which more easy to use and the operator will feel no difficulty. Chapter 2 Research Methodology This chapter starts on the discussion about the project research design methodology. The second part presents the development of the system. The third part tells the operation, process and testing. The last parts discuss the evaluation procedure. Project Development The system Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application. Various SDLC methodologies have been developed to guide the processes involved including the waterfall model.(the original SDLC method ) rapid application development (RAD) joint application development (JAD) the fountain model and the spiral model. Mostly, several models are combined into some sort of hybrid methodology. Documentation is crucial regardless of the type of model chosen or devised for process. Some methods work better for specific types of projects, but in the final analysis, the most important factor for the success of a project may be how closely particular plan was followed. Project Design Planning In planning, the researchers conducted an interview to the client to gather some information about on how the librarians manage the books, borrowed books. Returned books, all record of the student. It is observed that the librarian writes the records manually of every student who borrowed or returned the Books. The student uses the form given by the librarian. Analysis Base on the proposed Computerized Library System is designed purely from the user’s viewpoint considering the constraints of hardware (such as computers). In addition, system structures required to achieve such design are clarified. After checking requirement specification included in the basic plan, the overview of the project is represented by the use of diagrams so that the processing and flows of data can be easily understood. Designing The software design specifically targeted to librarian of the researchers used a user friendly design to attract the user to use the new automated system. Here the system was the system designed purely from the user’s viewpoint without considering the constraints of hardware (such as computers). In addition, system structures required to achieve such design are clarified. After checking the requirement specification included in the planning, the overview of the system represented by the use of diagrams so that the processed of data can be easily understood. Based on the representation, the division into sub system and input output designing was performed. The entire project was divided into a number of modules on a functional basis, and each module was further divided into smaller units. The designing of the code, such as the determination of a coding system, was conducted. In addition, relationships between the data were analyzed. Software Development Coding In the development of the system, the researcher’s made used of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 for encoding source code of the system, in order to be accurate and fast acquisition of data/information. Testing The researcher’s installs the new System. The researchers encountered problems while processing it for the first time but after several weeks the system has been successful and introduced it to the respondents. Operating The researcher’s were responsible for conducting an operation test. The researcher’s conducted a test under the actual operation conditions, and verified that the system satisfies the required specification. Because this test was intended to have a developed system accepted by the user, it was called an approval test or an acceptance test. The researcher’s conducted an operation test by running a program on a machine being used for actual operations. Maintenance The researchers conducted maintenance in software to correct faults, to maintain performance or other attributes. The researchers common perception of maintenance merely involves fixing detect. The researcher’s maintenance management system allows segment chiefs to plan maintenance work on fixed assets, such as equipment, machinery and property. The researcher’s came up with this library management system to provide easier, faster and effective way on monitoring the transaction of borrowed books and books that are being returned by the borrowers. This system offers the best way to check the quantity, availability and the full information about the books that are stored on the library system database. This system provides the best way to solve the quantity redundancy of books available on the library storage. In order to sustain the needs of the students in basic education the researcher’s propose this system to lessen the burdens of the management as well as the students. Based on Observation Observation is either an activity of a living being, such as a human, consisting of receiving knowledge of the outside world through the senses, or the recording of data using scientific instruments. The term may also refer to any data collected during this activity. As the researcher’s observed about the manual process it take a long time to borrow a book(s) or return a book(s) and its very hard to the management to check or inventory the books. Survey Data collection tool used to gather information about individuals. Surveys are commonly used in research to collect self-report data from study participants. A survey may focus on factual information about individuals, or it might aim the collect the opinions of the survey takers. The researcher’s gathered information from the students as well as the librarian and they’re in favor of having computerize library system. Interview An interview is a conversation between two or more people where questions are asked by the interviewer to elicit facts or statements from the interviewee. The Researcher’s interviewed the management and the students about the transaction of the books in the library they both agreed about the system because of the slow process of transaction. According to Ms. Aurora, the librarian she suffered on checking inventory of the books and determined the author in each books. Sometime she encountered of misplacing the logbook and she don’t know what to do. And she finally thankful to the researcher’s of having computerizing system. In this figure it shows the slow process of the borrowing book(s), after the borrower will get the book they will need to wait until the administrator will finalize and release the book(s). The only problem of this manual process when there are more students or faculty that will borrowed a book and there is only one administrator. They need to wait the books for a long time just because of this process. Registration by the use of library card, the students of faculty will just register once when they borrowed or returned a book. B. Proposed System Structure Library Management System is a computerize system proposed by the researchers to access quickly the records and updates. The data will be much secure from any unauthorized access. It will be made secure by using passwords and by taking other security measures. Records will be easily edited and the database will easily be updated at the time of entering a record. The Library Management System is designed for managing various activities of â€Å"Lyceum of Alabang exclusively in Basic Education†. Since library has a very large number of books and a large number of members, it is very hard for librarian to manage day to day activities manually. It keep track like categorizing of books, books that are requested by the students, books that are issued to students, details of students who borrowed the books. The system allows the administrator to interact within the system managing student’s record (adding student records, deleting records and modifying records of the students), organizing book details (add book details, delete book details and modify book details). While the students and faculty allows only searching a book(s) without registration. The librarian will get the information of the borrower when they loaned out the book(s), they need to fill up the requirements in order continue the process of the system. In this figure it illustrates how the management system works. First the Librarian must log in to enter the system, the librarian also tasked to update the books by deleting or adding books, Monitoring borrowed and returned books, Issued books for the students or faculty and data report for checking the inventory. Figure 1.3 Library Management System Use case process This figure illustrates how the system interacts between the administrator and users. This clearly shows how the users managed to remove or delete accounts and also how users add new account on this management system. This figure explains the librarian’s access to different data reports including list of all books returned and borrowed, also copies of different books available inside the library system. Figure 1.4 Library Management System VTOC In this figure 1.4 it show the librarian interacting within the system by searching, borrowing and returning books. The librarian liable of updating books, monitoring books, Issued books for students and making data Report. Flow Chart Figure 1.5 Library Management System Process In this figure it illustrates the Library Management System Process by inputting username and password of the librarian for security if the librarian didn’t match the password it back to the log in form and if the librarian matches the password that can be found in data base it will automatically appear the home page. The librarian can now update, monitor the borrow books, return books and due books. And can view the books available as well as the student’s borrowers. Sample Form about the Library Management System Figure 1.0 Books Information In this figure 1.0 the books information show the contents of book number, title, Author, publisher, copyright, ISBN, no. of copy, volume, edition and type. In this form the administrator allow to save new books on the data base to maintain the updates of the system. Figure 1.0 Borrower’s Information In this form it show the borrowers information it has ID Number, first name, middle name, last name and address. It allows the administrator to put the information of the borrowers of the book. And by using the old borrower’s radio button it will allow the administrator to search by inputting the ID number which is the student number of the students. Figure 1.0 Borrowing Book(s) In this figure 1.0 the Borrowing book(s) can be located at the transaction area. By inputting on the searching string it will search on the data base where the books are stored. In this form also included the list of borrowed books and list of unreturned books. After pressing the search button, all the books that are related to the book(s) that you’re seeking it will appear on the list box. Figure 1.0 List of Book(s) This section is were you can view and check the records of the books available on this library computer system and it also gives the administrator the option whether to print the records of the remaining copies of the books or not. Figure 1.0 List of Borrowers In this section the system provides the administrator the power to view and check the list of students who borrowed from the library and gives the option to whether print the names of the borrowers or not. Figure 1.0 List of return and unreturned books In this area it shows to functions of the library system the one on the left pane is the area in were you can view and check the list of unreturned books and to on the other side is the area in were you can input the number id and the system will automatically shows the information about who borrowed the books and the whole information of the books including the titles and authors. Chapter 5 Summary and Recommendation In this chapter explains the summary of the findings from the evaluation of the system and recommendation future enhancement of the system. The last part of this chapter, however, discusses the possible recommendations for the system such as platform of software development or adding feature into the system. Summary The developed system is largely attributed to the concept of RDBMS (Relational Database Management System) and MySQL (Standard Query Language) database Programming. An open source RDBMS which provides robust functionalities for managing information. The program was developed under the Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 which was found out to be more suitable when image processing and database programming is computerize system. Library management system is designed & developed for a receipt and issuance of books in the library along with the student’s details. This project gives complete information about the library. We can enter the record of new books and retrieve the details of books available in the library. We can issue the books to the students and maintain their records and can also check how many books are issued and stock available in the library. In this project we can maintain the late fine of students who returns the issued books after the due date. The software design specifically targeted to librarian of the researchers used a user friendly design to attract the user to use the new automated system. Here the system was the system designed purely from the user’s viewpoint without considering the constraints of hardware. Recommendation Base on the summary of result, the proponents suggested the following modification of the system for the best performance and improve its efficiency and functionality. a. The system must be automated so that it is quicker than this computerized system. b. RFID bar code must be applicable to enhance more the system. c. Integrate proximity card and detectors to monitor the number of library users either borrowing books or those who are doing other things inside the library. d. Apply encryption algorithm into the records before saving it into the database. e. Providing fines to each borrower’s base on the due dates f. Must be on LAN connection.